Questionnaire: Embarrassment in Medical Consultations (EmMed)


Scherer, Karin Antonia ; Blum, Anja K. ; Büdenbender, Björn ; Grüne, Britta ; Kriegmair, Maximilian C. ; Michel, Maurice S. ; Alpers, Georg W.


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URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:180-madoc-694361
Document Type: Report
Year of publication: 2025
Place of publication: Mannheim
Publishing house: Universität Mannheim
Publication language: English
Institution: School of Social Sciences > Klinische u. Biologische Psychologie u. Psychotherapie (Alpers 2010-)
Subject: 150 Psychology
610 Medicine and health
Individual keywords (German): partizipative Entscheidungsfindung , PEF , Patientenbeteiligung , Uroonkologie , Scham , EmMed
Keywords (English): shared decision-making , patient-clinician interaction , patient participation , participation preference , embarrassment , urology , urooncology , EmMed
Abstract: The EmMed is a questionnaire to assess perceived embarrassment in medical encounters as well as associated avoidance behavior and decision-making impairment. It consists of three sections. In the first section, the EmMed assesses perceived embarrassment elicited by lack of medical knowledge, appearance and function of the body, medical examinations, stigmatization of diseases, intimate questions, and missing treatment compliance in the past. Items were developed based on prior research (Consedine et al., 2007; Mayer & Vanderheiden, 2019) and theoretical considerations regarding the elicitors and effects of embarrassment in medical encounters. After consulting with several psychologists and urologists, items were revised with feedback from urological patients. The 21 items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Sum scores are calculated and transformed with min-max normalization to range from 0 to 100 (EmMed Score), with higher values indicating a higher level of perceived embarrassment. In a second section, the EmMed questionnaire assesses whether the participant has ever shown health-related avoidance behavior (for example, skipping a health appointment or an examination) because of embarrassment provoked by any of the mentioned elicitors (7 items). In the third section, a single item assesses whether the participants’ decision-making was ever impaired by perceived embarrassment.
Translation of the title: EmMed Fragebogen: Embarrassment in Medical Consultations (German)


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