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Low barriers, high stakes: Formal and informal diffusion of AI in the workplace
Arntz, Melanie
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Baum, Myriam
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Brüll, Eduard
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Dorau, Ralf
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Hartwig, Matthias
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Matthes, Britta
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Meyer, Sophie-Charlotte
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Schlenker, Oliver
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Tisch, Anita
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Wischniewski, Sascha
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URN:
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urn:nbn:de:bsz:180-madoc-720403
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Document Type:
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Working paper
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Year of publication:
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2026
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The title of a journal, publication series:
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ZEW Discussion Papers
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Volume:
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26-001
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Place of publication:
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Mannheim
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Publication language:
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English
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Institution:
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Sonstige Einrichtungen > ZEW - Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung
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MADOC publication series:
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Veröffentlichungen des ZEW (Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung) > ZEW Discussion Papers
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Subject:
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330 Economics
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Classification:
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JEL:
O33 , O32 , J24 , J81 , C83,
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Keywords (English):
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artificial intelligence , AI , technology diffusion , formal and informal adoption , training , algorithmic management , productivity , inequality
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Abstract:
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is diffusing rapidly in the workplace, yet aggregate productivity gains remain limited. This paper examines the dual diffusion of AI – through both formal, employer-led and informal, employee-initiated adoption – as potential explanation. Using a representative survey of nearly 10,000 employees in Germany, we document a high extensive but low intensive margin of usage: while 64 percent use AI tools, only 20 percent use them frequently. This diffusion is strongly skill-biased and depends less on establishment and regional characteristics. While formality is associated with more frequent usage, training, AI-based supervision, and higher perceived productivity gains, it does not broaden access. These patterns suggest that widespread informal usage can coexist with limited productivity effects when complementary investments and organizational integration lag behind.
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 | Das Dokument wird vom Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim bereitgestellt. |
 Search Authors in
BASE:
Arntz, Melanie
;
Baum, Myriam
;
Brüll, Eduard
;
Dorau, Ralf
;
Hartwig, Matthias
;
Matthes, Britta
;
Meyer, Sophie-Charlotte
;
Schlenker, Oliver
;
Tisch, Anita
;
Wischniewski, Sascha
Google Scholar:
Arntz, Melanie
;
Baum, Myriam
;
Brüll, Eduard
;
Dorau, Ralf
;
Hartwig, Matthias
;
Matthes, Britta
;
Meyer, Sophie-Charlotte
;
Schlenker, Oliver
;
Tisch, Anita
;
Wischniewski, Sascha
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