Originally all links in the Internet were assumed to operate bidirectionally. Like many other routing protocols, PIM (protocol independent multicast) is based on this assumption: as will be explained, PIM's concept of using the routers' unicast RIBs (routing information bases) for reverse-path-forwarding is not applicable in networks with uni-directional links. If an additional bidirectional link such as a dial-up connection exists, link-layer tunnelling can overcome these basic routing deficiencies. But in order to achieve a more efficient routing and sustain scalability we argue that multicast and unicast traffic should be distinguished either by an extended link-layer tunnelling or dual RIBs.
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