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Number of items: 16.

Working paper

Crass, Dirk ; Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Toole, Andrew A. (2016) The dynamic relationship between investments in brand equity and firm profitability : evidence using trademark registrations. Open Access ZEW Discussion Papers Mannheim 16-004 [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Doherr, Thorsten ; Hussinger, Katrin ; Schliessler, Paula ; Toole, Andrew A. (2016) Knowledge creates markets : the influence of entrepreneurial support and patent rights on academic entrepreneurship. Open Access ZEW Discussion Papers Mannheim 16-036 [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Doherr, Thorsten ; Hussinger, Katrin ; Schliessler, Paula ; Toole, Andrew A. (2015) Individual versus institutional ownership of university-discovered inventions. Open Access ZEW Discussion Papers Mannheim 15-007 [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. ; Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Rammer, Christian (2014) University research alliances, absorptive capacity, and the contribution of startups to employment growths. Open Access ZEW Discussion Papers Mannheim 14-094 [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Rammer, Christian ; Toole, Andrew A. (2013) University spinoffs and the "performance premium". Open Access ZEW Discussion Papers Mannheim 13-004 [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Grimpe, Christoph ; Toole, Andrew A. (2011) Delay and secrecy : does industry sponsorship jeopardize disclosure of academic research? Open Access None [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. (2011) The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation : evidence from the pharmaceutical industry. Open Access Mannheim [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. ; King, John L. (2011) Industry-science connections in agriculture : do public science collaborations and knowledge flows contribute to firm-level agricultural research productivity? Open Access Mannheim [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Toole, Andrew A. (2009) Is there a trade-off between academic research and faculty entrepreneurship? : evidence from U.S. NIH supported biomedical researchers. Open Access None [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Toole, Andrew A. (2008) The R&D Investment-Uncertainty Relationship: Do Competition and Firm Size Matter? Open Access None [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. ; Czarnitzki, Dirk (2007) Exploring the Relationship Between Scientist Human Capital and Firm Performance: The Case of Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurs in the SBIR Program. Open Access None [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. ; Czarnitzki, Dirk (2007) Life Scientist Mobility from Academe to Industry : Does Academic Entrepreneurship Induce a Costly “Brain Drain” on the Not-for-Profit Research Sector? Open Access None [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Toole, Andrew A. (2006) Business R&D and the Interplay of R&D Subsidies and Market Uncertainty. Open Access None [Working paper]
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Czarnitzki, Dirk ; Toole, Andrew A. (2006) Patent Protection, Market Uncertainty, and R&D Investment. Open Access None [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. ; Czarnitzki, Dirk (2005) Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurship Through the SBIR Program. Open Access None [Working paper]
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Toole, Andrew A. (2005) Does Public Scientific Research Complement Industry R&D Investment? : The Case of NIH Supported Basic and Clinical Research and Pharmaceutical Industry R&D. Open Access None [Working paper]
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