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How algorithms work and play together
Schlechtinger, Michael
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Kosack, Damaris
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Paulheim, Heiko
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Fetzer, Thomas
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Document Type:
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Article
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Year of publication:
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2021
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The title of a journal, publication series:
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Concurrences : Revue des Droits de la Concurrence
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Volume:
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2021
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Issue number:
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3, Article 102088
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Page range:
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19-23
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Place of publication:
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Paris ; New York, NY [u.a.]
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Publishing house:
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Transactive ; Institute of Competition Law
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ISSN:
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1773-9578 , 2116-0090
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Publication language:
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English
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Institution:
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School of Business Informatics and Mathematics > Data Science (Paulheim 2018-)
School of Law and Economics > Öffentliches Recht, Regulierungsrecht und Steuerrecht (Fetzer 2012-)
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Subject:
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340 Law
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Abstract:
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Pricing decisions are increasingly made by algorithms. To assess if reinforcement learning algorithms are able to reach a state of collusion autonomously and thereby may breach the cartel prohibition under Article 101(1) TFEU, we have built a simplified algorithmic scenario based on a modified version of a prisoner’s dilemma where three agents play the game of rock-paper-scissors. First, we describe how the used reinforcement learning algorithms work. We then have a look at their conduct during a multitude of game rounds, concluding that eventually they all settle in an equilibrium of a specific reward rate. We observe that all three agents achieve this by developing and following specific action patterns. However, it is not clear whether the agents simply consider the likely response of the competing agents (tacit collusion) or rather knowingly substitute practical long-term cooperation for competition (concerted practice). Moreover, this observation cannot be tied to one specific move, sequence or situation symbolizing an initial concertation which then is followed by a respective subsequent conduct. One approach to account for this characteristic of algorithmic behavior could be to assume a simultaneity of concertation and conduct. Another possibility could be to omit a distinct identification of concertation and subsequent conduct and to make basic assumptions for one or the other.
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 | Dieser Eintrag ist Teil der Universitätsbibliographie. |
 Search Authors in
BASE:
Schlechtinger, Michael
;
Kosack, Damaris
;
Paulheim, Heiko
;
Fetzer, Thomas
Google Scholar:
Schlechtinger, Michael
;
Kosack, Damaris
;
Paulheim, Heiko
;
Fetzer, Thomas
ORCID:
Schlechtinger, Michael  ORCID: 0000-0002-4181-3900 ; Kosack, Damaris ; Paulheim, Heiko ORCID: 0000-0003-4386-8195 ; Fetzer, Thomas
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