We use a unique matched tax return - financial statement data set to examine the magnitude and
sources of book-tax differences in Germany. For the first time, the data set enables us to evaluate the extent to
which financial and tax accounting differ in Germany in the most accurate manner. Despite the close link between
financial and tax accounting in Germany, we find that corporate taxable income and income reported to
shareholders diverge considerably. Regression results suggest that this reporting gap is largely attributable to
legal differences between financial and tax accounting and we cannot provide evidence that tax aggressive reporting
adds to it. However, further analyses show that firms actively engaged in corporate restructuring exhibit
larger book-tax differences than other firms. We interpret this result as evidence of firms willing to give up the
administrative advantages of a one-book accounting system in order to achieve desired tax or financial accounting
result, if book-tax conformity is not required. Thus, the results not only provide insights into the relatively
unexplored area of behavioral response to changes in the degree of book-tax conformity, but also add a new
perspective to the discussion surrounding the implementation of the German Accounting Law Modernization Act
(BilMoG) in 2010.
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