Compared to what? Effects of social and temporal comparison standards of feedback in an e-learning context


Janson, Marc Philipp ; Siebert, Jan ; Dickhäuser, Oliver


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00358-2
URL: https://educationaltechnologyjournal.springeropen....
Additional URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364303732...
URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:180-madoc-638919
Document Type: Article
Year of publication: 2022
The title of a journal, publication series: International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education
Volume: 19
Issue number: 1, Article 54
Page range: 1-26
Place of publication: Cham, Switzerland
Publishing house: Springer International Publishing
ISSN: 2365-9440
Publication language: English
Institution: Außerfakultäre Einrichtungen > Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences- CDSS (Social Sciences)
School of Social Sciences > Pädagogische Psychologie (Dickhäuser 2008-)
Pre-existing license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Subject: 150 Psychology
Keywords (English): self-regulated learning , e-learning , reference norm orientation , frame of reference , feedback
Abstract: Performance evaluation is based on comparison standards. Results can either be contrasted to former results (temporal comparison) or results of others (social comparison). Existing literature analyzed potential effects of teachers’ stable preferences for comparison standards on students’ learning outcomes. The present experiments investigated effects of learners’ own preferences for comparison standards on learning persistence and performance. Based on research and findings on person-environment-fit, we postulated a fit hypothesis for learners’ preferences for comparison standards and framed feedback on learning persistence and performance. We tested our hypotheses in two separate experiments (N = 203 and N = 132) using different manipulations of framed feedback (temporal vs. social) in an e-learning environment, thus establishing high ecological validity and allowing objective data to be collected. We found first evidence for beneficial effects of receiving framed feedback towards own preferences on learning persistence and performance in our experiments. We tested fluency as a possible underlying psychological mechanism in our second experiment and observed a larger fit effect on learning persistence under disfluency. The results are discussed regarding a new theoretical perspective on the concept of preferences for comparison standards as well as opportunities for adaptive e-learning.




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