Two problems on action refinement are considered: First we treat the problem that there may exist configurations in the product ${\cal E}_1~\|_A~{\cal E}_2$ of event structures that do not map to configurations of the individual event structures under projection. [Sch91] and [CZ89] showed that languages using only the operators $+, ;, ~\|_A$ do not create event structures of that type. We show the same for languages extended with a refinement operator. In the second part the connection between syntactic and semantic refinement is analyzed. We define a notion of syntactic refinement in which the refinement of a synchronizing action is seen as a parallel call of procedure in which one of the participating processes takes the control and the other one inscribes. This improves a version of syntactic refinement developed in [GGR92] which coincides with semantic refinement on flow event structures only under fairly restrictive conditions if synchronizing actions are refined. We show that our notion of syntactic refinement coincides with semantic refinement also for synchronizing actions provided they are not auto-concurrent.
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