The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has raised concerns about the disposition of their batteries once they reach their end of life. Currently, recycling is regarded as the potential solution for retired Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, these LIBs still retain around 80% of their original capacity, which can be repurposed for other energy storage system (ESS) applications in their "second life" before recycling. Yet, there is no guidance for deciding whether to reuse or recycle them. Here, we propose developing a decision-making model that evaluates retired batteries from both technical and economic perspectives. We develop data-driven models and combine them with an equivalent circuit model (ECM) to build module-level aging models. Simulations show that limiting the State of Charge (SOC) operating range and charge current in second life applications can extend the lifetime of LIBs. Upon when and how to use the battery in second life, the simulated lifetime is between 1-6 years...
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